Penny Press Creator Benjamin Day Changed Journalism

Penny Press Creator Benjamin Day Changed Journalism Benjamin Day was a printer from New England who started a trend in American journalism when he founded a New York City newspaper, The Sun, which sold for a penny. Reasoning that a growing working-class audience would respond to a newspaper that was affordable, his invention of the Penny Press was a genuine milestone in American journalism history. While Day’s newspaper proved successful, he was not particularly suited to being a newspaper editor. After about five years of operating The Sun, he sold it to his brother in law at the very low price of $40,000. The newspaper continued to publish for decades. Day later dabbled with publishing magazines and with other business endeavors. By the 1860s he was essentially retired. He lived on his investments until his death in 1889. Despite his relatively short tenure in the American newspaper business, Day is remembered as a revolutionary figure who proved that newspapers could be marketed to a mass audience. Early Life of Benjamin Day Benjamin Day was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on April 10, 1810. His family had deep roots in New England going back to the 1830s. While in his teens Day was apprenticed to a printer, and at the age of 20 he moved to New York City and began working in print shops and newspaper offices. He saved enough money to start his own printing business, which nearly failed when the cholera epidemic of 1832 sent a panic through the city. Trying to salvage his business, he decided to start a newspaper. Founding of The Sun Day was aware that other low-cost newspapers had been tried elsewhere in America, but in New York City the price of a newspaper was generally six cents. Reasoning that working-class New Yorkers, including newly arrived immigrants, would read a newspaper if they could afford it, Day launched The Sun on September 3, 1833. At the outset, Day put the newspaper together by repackaging the news from out of town newspapers. And to stay competitive he hired a reporter, George Wisner, who ferreted out news and wrote articles. Day also introduced another innovation, newsboys who hawked the newspaper on street corners. The combination of a cheap newspaper that was easily available was successful, and before long Day was making a good living publishing The Sun. And his success inspired a competitor with far more journalism experience, James Gordon Bennett, to launch The Herald, another penny newspaper in New York, in 1835. An era of newspaper competition was born. When Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841 it was also initially priced at one cent. At some point, Day lost interest in the day-to-day work of publishing a newspaper, and he sold The Sun to his brother in law, Moses Yale Beach, in 1838. But during the short time he was involved in newspapers he had successfully disrupted the industry. Day’s Later Life Day later launched another newspaper, which he sold after a few months. And he started a magazine called Brother Jonathan (named for the common symbol for America before Uncle Sam became popular). During the Civil War Day retired for good. He admitted at one point that he had not been a great newspaper editor, but had managed to transform the business â€Å"more by accident than design.† He died in New York City on December 21, 1889, at the age of 79.

Coase Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coase Theorem - Essay Example Ronald Coase stipulated that transaction costs that are found in the real world are not sufficiently low to create room for efficient bargaining, and thus an indication that the theory cannot be applied to reveal economic reality. Nevertheless, Coase theorem is regarded as the basis for economic analysis, especially in the event of government regulation when externalities are present (Walter, 2001). Based on the essay The Nature of the Firm, Coase offered an explanation as to why an economy comprises of various firms as opposed to a large number of independent and self-employed individuals who undertake contracts with each other. Since it is possible to undertake a transaction without the presence of any organization, Coase was puzzled on the appropriate conditions that should be imposed to facilitate for the emergence of firms (Walter, 2001). Today, most firms emerge when an entrepreneur begins to employ people. In this perspective, Coase considers the appropriate conditions under which it would be sensible for an entrepreneur to pursue for the help of employees instead of contracting out to facilitate for the completion of a certain task. While using the market, there are various transaction costs involved because the cost of acquiring a good or service through the market is above the usual price. Other additional costs comprise of those involved while searching for information, bargaining, policing, enforcement, and in keeping secrets of trade (Coase, 1988). All these costs significantly raise the cost of acquiring something from a different party. This reveals that firms emerge in order to internalize the production process to facilitate for the delivery of a product, and hence avoid these costs. Coase notes that a natural limit prevails that provides a limit as to the extent to which a firm should produce internally (Buchanan, 2005). Also there are times when a manager to an organization may make

Communication Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Research - Assignment Example The authors, through extensive literature review, have supported the capability of blogs as the new channel of reporting news without the added pressure or constraints of censorship or advertising which often tend to limit / restrict the scope of conventional news media. With this argument the authors have claimed that blogs are relatively better and more reliable source of news since they have the ability and the resources to offer deep and unbiased perspective and analysis of any given situation through modern corporate and mainstream outlets. In order to substantiate their claims the authors have used critical discourse analysis and content analysis whereby a total of 344 posts, 1712 hyperlinks and 10,401 comments from diverse types of blogs including those featuring political and current events over a period of one week. Constructs used: The key constructs used in the study include - blogs as an extension of 1960s ‘new journalism’; the capability of blogs to offer un biased news without the constraints of censorship and the pressures of advertisers; and the manner in which current event blogs interconnect with mainstream and alternative media. The key hypotheses tested include: H1: Political news blogs will link to alternative news sources more than to mainstream news sources H2: Political news blogs will link to opposite-minded current event blogs more than they link to like-minded blogs H3: Political news blogs will link to unofficial sources, such as personal websites and blogs, mainstream and alternative news blogs and alternative news sources more than to official sources, such as government websites and mainstream outlets Operational definitions: Mainstream news sources – are described to include conventional forms of media which are formulaic, reductive, and created with an intention to maximize viewership through pack-journalism. Alternative news sources – are described as any new media produced by non-commercial sources an d created / operated with the purpose of challenging and critiquing the existing power structures Official news sources – are described in this study, to include government websites and mainstream outlets Unofficial news sources – are described in this study to include personal websites and blogs Research Method: The key objective of this study was to substantiate the key hypotheses listed in the study and establish the superiority, legitimacy and credibility of new emerging forms of blogging especially current event and political news blogging over the mainstream journalism. For this purpose the method chosen by the researchers was critical discourse and content analysis whereby a total of 344 posts, 1,712 hyperlinks and 10,401 comments from four political/current events blogs within a seven-day period were analysed. The blogs used for this study were chosen through Tailrank - a meme tracker that uses advanced algorithm to rank blogs, and suggests recommendations base d on a range of factors. Considering the type of this research, the research tool used for selecting blogs via the news tracking device such as Tailrank is apt. Research has supported the credibility of such

Weekly assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly assignment 7 - Essay Example In his time he participated in several non- violent protests for combating racial inequality. In this letter he tries to defend his perception about the ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ laws and his non-violent protests. In his letter he quotes different leaders and even Jesus Christ in order to make his views and argument strong and sound. Luther’s this quotation has a deep meaning to it. It says that any non- violent movement needs a systematic approach in order to cure the disease that one fights for. His first step ‘collection of the facts’ suggests his approach to deal things. In order to make one’s protest and non – violent fight sound and reasonable one has to collect the facts about the existence of injustice and the limits of it. This approach also defines the approach of a well learned man that is fighting for a cause, a cause that is carried out by non- violent intentions. After detecting that injustice does exist, the second step ‘negotiation’ suggests that one has to arrive at an agreement after having a clear understanding of things and opposed party. This step helps one to conclude that what is the basic need that one is striving for and what is the basic motif with which one wants to move forward. Thirdly ‘self – purification’seems to be the most vital step that suggests that one has to do internal personal sacrifices that are needed for the sake of growth and development. It says that self – purification is one way through which human can achieve the target need. Lastly ‘direct action’ is the last step that he suggests. In this step he does not mean ‘brutal acts’ or ‘bloodshed’ activities but ‘non – violent’ intentions and activities because according to him non – violent acts carry a deeper meaning and message for the target audience. Luther also defends his last step ‘direct action’ by saying: non- violent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster

What Do Programmers Do Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Do Programmers Do - Research Paper Example These devices came through the hands of experienced programmers. Much worse case is that they fail to recognize the difficulty and significance of the job. To gain better comprehension of what programmers exactly do or clarifications of misconceptions will assist people into achieving a sense of deeper appreciation for both the professionals and their craft. A professional even once said that what people commonly think that programmers delve into a field that is encompassed by pure science is inaccurate. Programmers actually are more like artists in their profession (Dollery 1). Additionally, it can be described as an interesting and stable choice of profession nowadays with the continuous advancement of the computer age (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 29). There are numerous approaches one can take to become a professional programmer aside from attaining a degree in computer science or software engineering. There are unconve ntional ways where one programs accidentally or one has an interest in programming therefore adopts it as a past time (George 1). Comparing computers in the past and present, it is obvious at how it has remarkably evolved and continuously pushing its limits, if there are any. Through this, one can also expect that the field of programmers and the nature of their profession have also and will continue to metamorphose throughout the future (Morley 718). The Programmers’ Job To avoid any obscurity about the description of a programmer’s job, it can easily be broken down into three steps—writing the program, testing the program and debugging it if errors are found then testing again until the correct function has been achieved. In some ways, programmers identify their expertise similar to those of writers only much rigid (Seibel 299). What really make the jobs of programmers enigmatic are the various, distinctive languages they utilize for the development of program s. In fact, programmers are burdened with understanding numerous languages if not all during their course of education to assure their adequacy in a task (Morley 572). It is an imperative that people who delve into this profession know a handful of programming languages. For instance, in America, they demand experience in C++, Java, JavaScript, VisualBasic, Cobol or Fortran which are popular programming languages (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 116). Furthermore, a computer programmer is equipped with many essential skills. To be the best in their craft, these professionals are expected to have acquired a basic skill in debugging where the planned operation goes otherwise and they have to be able to find it, figure it out and correct the problem (Read 5). This might be simple enough but it requires cleverness and artistry. Though there are tools available for the professionals, a specialized knowledge must be accomplished be fore once can debug with ease. Some expert programmers even say that to be where they are, it took a lot of hands-on experience (Seibel 4). Finally, programmers, as with all professionals, are assigned with the task of unit testing which assures that all their developed programs are efficiently working. In this final stage of production, there is quite a demand not only in skill but also a good working relationship (Helgeson 240). It is said that in our age even our advancements require continuous

Journal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Journal 2 - Essay Example Nonetheless, this essay aims at analyzing ethical discrimination. In most cases society have some stereotyping behaviors and they apply or use to discriminate against others in the society. For instance, the study carried out by Dr. Sinikka Elliott, a professor of sociology from North Carolina State University, shows stereotyping in the sexuality of teenage girls and boys by their parents (North Carolina State University 01). From the study, Elliott notes that parents of these set of boys and girls do not believe that their child know or have sexual desires. However, as per report, parents who think that there teenage children may have such feeling, state that their children may be driven to such actions by opposite sex children from other families. This notion is not appropriate for the cohesiveness in the society were members of the society set blames on each other. Therefore, for this case, parents must accept sexuality of their teenage children and learn ways of teaching them on the same rather than blaming the same of teenage children from ot her families thereby leading to discrimination in the society. North Carolina State University (2010, May 4). My kid wouldnt do that: Study shows parents difficulty with teen sexuality. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 8, 2013, web

What Do Programmers Do Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Do Programmers Do - Research Paper Example These devices came through the hands of experienced programmers. Much worse case is that they fail to recognize the difficulty and significance of the job. To gain better comprehension of what programmers exactly do or clarifications of misconceptions will assist people into achieving a sense of deeper appreciation for both the professionals and their craft. A professional even once said that what people commonly think that programmers delve into a field that is encompassed by pure science is inaccurate. Programmers actually are more like artists in their profession (Dollery 1). Additionally, it can be described as an interesting and stable choice of profession nowadays with the continuous advancement of the computer age (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 29). There are numerous approaches one can take to become a professional programmer aside from attaining a degree in computer science or software engineering. There are unconve ntional ways where one programs accidentally or one has an interest in programming therefore adopts it as a past time (George 1). Comparing computers in the past and present, it is obvious at how it has remarkably evolved and continuously pushing its limits, if there are any. Through this, one can also expect that the field of programmers and the nature of their profession have also and will continue to metamorphose throughout the future (Morley 718). The Programmers’ Job To avoid any obscurity about the description of a programmer’s job, it can easily be broken down into three steps—writing the program, testing the program and debugging it if errors are found then testing again until the correct function has been achieved. In some ways, programmers identify their expertise similar to those of writers only much rigid (Seibel 299). What really make the jobs of programmers enigmatic are the various, distinctive languages they utilize for the development of program s. In fact, programmers are burdened with understanding numerous languages if not all during their course of education to assure their adequacy in a task (Morley 572). It is an imperative that people who delve into this profession know a handful of programming languages. For instance, in America, they demand experience in C++, Java, JavaScript, VisualBasic, Cobol or Fortran which are popular programming languages (â€Å"Information Technology Jobs in America: Corporate & Government Career Guide† 116). Furthermore, a computer programmer is equipped with many essential skills. To be the best in their craft, these professionals are expected to have acquired a basic skill in debugging where the planned operation goes otherwise and they have to be able to find it, figure it out and correct the problem (Read 5). This might be simple enough but it requires cleverness and artistry. Though there are tools available for the professionals, a specialized knowledge must be accomplished be fore once can debug with ease. Some expert programmers even say that to be where they are, it took a lot of hands-on experience (Seibel 4). Finally, programmers, as with all professionals, are assigned with the task of unit testing which assures that all their developed programs are efficiently working. In this final stage of production, there is quite a demand not only in skill but also a good working relationship (Helgeson 240). It is said that in our age even our advancements require continuous